# TB-500 References: Peer-Reviewed Citations and Published Studies

> Complete TB-500 reference list: 22 peer-reviewed citations from PubMed, Nature, FASEB Journal, and clinical trial literature. Every claim indexed to a source.

## References

All citations used across this site are listed below. Every quantitative claim, mechanism statement, and efficacy finding on this site maps to a numbered reference here. TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 literature spans 1999 to 2025; this index covers the peer-reviewed record as of the build date.

The table below is searchable and sortable by year, evidence class, and author. Evidence class: cobalt = clinical/human; teal = preclinical animal or in vitro; orange = regulatory or detection methodology.

## References

[1] Philp D, Huff T, Gho YS, Hannappel E, Kleinman HK. The actin binding site on thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis. FASEB J. 2003;17(14):2103-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14500546/
[2] Ho EN, Kwok WH, Lau MY, Wong AS, Wan TS, Lam KK, Schiff PJ, Stewart BD. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2012;1265:57-66. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23084823/
[3] Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, Banaudha K, Maheshwari RK, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
[4] Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, Dimaio JM, Srivastava D. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-72. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/
[5] Srivastava D, Saxena A, Dimaio JM, Bock-Marquette I. Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:161-70. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17600280/
[6] Sosne G, Qiu P, Christopherson PL, Kurpakus-Wheater M. Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFkappaB: a potential anti-inflammatory pathway. Exp Eye Res. 2007;84(4):663-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17254567/
[7] Philp D, Nguyen M, Scheremeta B, St-Surin S, Villa AM, Orgel A, Kleinman HK, Elkin M. Thymosin beta4 increases hair growth by activation of hair follicle stem cells. FASEB J. 2004;18(2):385-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14657002/
[8] Philp D, St-Surin S, Cha HJ, Moon HS, Kleinman HK, Elkin M. Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:95-103. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17947589/
[9] Spurney CF, Cha HJ, Sali A, Pandey GS, Pistilli E, Guerron AD, Gordish-Dressman H, Hoffman EP, Nagaraju K. Evaluation of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Function after Chronic Administration of Thymosin β-4 in the Dystrophin Deficient Mouse. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(2):e8976. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20126456/
[10] Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada S, Nara N, Yamamoto H, Matsuda R, Hara T. Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts. J Biochem. 2011;149(1):43-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880960/
[11] Sosne G, Szliter EA, Barrett R, Kernacki KA, Kleinman H, Hazlett LD. Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury. Exp Eye Res. 2002;74(3):293-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11950239/
[12] Philp D, Scheremeta B, Sibliss K, Zhou M, Fine EL, Nguyen M, Wahl L, Hoffman MP, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair. J Cell Physiol. 2006;208(1):195-200. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16607611/
[13] Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/
[14] Kleinman HK, Sosne G. Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:251-75. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27450738/
[15] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/
[16] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues. Trends Mol Med. 2005;11(9):421-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16099219/
[17] Morris DC, Cui Y, Cheung WL, Lu M, Zhang L, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):314-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060418/
[18] Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y, Zhang ZG, Morris DC, Chopp M. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin β4 treatment initiated 6 hours after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(5):1081-92. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22324420/
[19] Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Stocks B, Borg ML, Kuefner M, et al. Discovery of thymosin β4 as a human exerkine and growth factor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2021;321(6):C926-C940. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34495765/
[20] Philp D, Kleinman HK. Animal studies with thymosin beta, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:81-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536453/
[21] Wang X, Liu L, Qi L, Lei C, Li P, Wang Y, Liu C, Bai H, Han C, Sun Y, Liu J. A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25(17):8294-8303. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34346165/
[22] Li W, Yang Y, Lin Y, Mu D. In Vitro Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Promoting Transplanted Fat Survival by Regulating Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2024;48(16):3218-3228. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38409346/
[RC1] Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(9):4131. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40362372/
[RC2] Inhaled exogenous thymosin beta 4 suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via TGF-β1 signalling pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2025;77(1):75-85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39579076/
[SR1] TB-500 and BPC-157 combination research: no single peer-reviewed controlled study identified. Mechanistic rationale from individual compound studies: Bock-Marquette et al. 2004 [4] for TB-500/Tβ4 pathway; BPC-157 combination rationale is referenced in equine athletic grey literature. See Ho et al. 2012 [2] for TB-500 equine detection context.

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The TB-500 research record, ordered — twenty-two findings plotted by evidence class, each citation indexed, no clinic and no vendor behind the grid.